kangarooistan
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 Posted: Wed Aug 27, 2008 7:50 am Post subject: Re: Got to luv... the USA |
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muslims must sooner or later learn to fight like jews
* 5 Contact with Nazi authorities
He differentiated between 'enemies of the Jewish people' (e.g., the
British) and 'Jew haters' (e.g. the Nazis), believing that the former
needed to be defeated and the latter manipulated. To this end, he
initiated contact with Nazi authorities, in order to enlist their aid
in establishing the Jewish state in Eretz Yisrael, open to Jewish
refugees from Nazism, in exchange for collaborating with Germany
against the British Empire in the Second World War.
============================================== Avraham Stern (Hebrew: ืืืจืื ืฉืืจื Avraham Shtern), alias Yair
(Hebrew: ืืืืจ) (b.December 23, 1907; d. February 12, 1942) was the
founder and leader of the Zionist organization later known as Lehi
(also called the "Stern Gang" by the British colonial authorities).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Stern
================================================
Lehi (IPA: ['lษxi], Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel,
"Fighters for the Freedom of Israel", ืื"ื - ืืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืื), also
known as the Stern Gang, a term coined by the British[1], was an armed
underground Zionist faction in Mandatory Palestine whose goal was to
evict, by force, the British authorities from Palestine, allowing
unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a Jewish state.
Initially called the National Military Organization in Israel,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(group)
Lehi (IPA: ['lษxi], Hebrew acronym for Lohamei Herut Israel, "Fighters
for the Freedom of Israel", ืื"ื - ืืืืื ืืืจืืช ืืฉืจืื),
also known as the Stern Gang, a term coined by the British[1], was an
armed under ground Zionist faction in Mandatory Palestine whose goal
was to evict, by force, the British authorities from Palestine,
allowing unrestricted immigration of Jews and the formation of a
Jewish state.
Initially called the National Military Organization in Israel, the
name of the group became Lehi only after the death of Avraham Stern,
its founder.
Lehi was described as a terrorist organization[2] by the British
authorities and United Nations mediator Ralph Bunche.[3] The Israeli
government banned the organization under an anti-terrorism law passed
three days after Lehi assassinated Folke Bernadotte.[4] Lehi was also
responsible for the assassination of Lord Moyne along with other
attacks on the British authorities and Palestinian Arabs.
Israel granted a general amnesty to Lehi members on 14 February 1949
and in 1980 honored the group by instituting the Lehi ribbon, a
military decoration which may be worn by the organization's former
members.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LehiRibbon.jpg
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Foundations and founding
* 2 Goals and methods
* 3 18 Principles of Rebirth
* 4 Evolution and tactics of the organization
* 5 Contact with Nazi authorities
* 6 Later history
o 6.1 Assassination of Lord Moyne
o 6.2 British police station in Haifa
o 6.3 Cairo-Haifa train bombings
o 6.4 Deir Yassin massacre
o 6.5 Dissolution
o 6.6 Assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte
o 6.7 Into politics
* 7 Lehi remembered
* 8 Criticism
* 9 The Lehi Anthem "Unknown Soldiers"
* 10 Prominent members of Lehi
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 See also
* 14 External links
[edit] Foundations and founding
Avraham Stern
Avraham Stern
Avraham ("Yair") Stern was an adherent of the Revisionist Zionist
movement founded by Ze'ev Jabotinsky and a member of the Irgun (Irgun
Tsvai Leumi, National Military Organization). In June 1940, when the
Irgun decided to suspend its underground military activities against
the British during the World War II, he left the Irgun to form his own
group, which he called Irgun Tsvai Leumi B'Yisrael (National Military
Organization in Israel).
Stern believed that the Jewish population of Palestine should fight,
rather than support, the British in the War, and that militant methods
were an effective means for achieving those goals. He was vigorously
opposed to the White Paper of 1939, which sharply reduced both Jewish
immigration and the ability of Jews to purchase land in Palestine. He
believed that immigration to Palestine should be available to Jewish
refugees fleeing from Europe, and that this was the most important
issue of the day. It was over the issue of the British that Stern and
his long-time friend David Raziel split. Raziel believed that the
Yishuv should assist Britain in their fight against Nazi Germany; he
was killed in Iraq in 1941 during a mission for the British forces.
Stern believed that dying for the 'foreign occupier' who was
obstructing the creation of the Jewish State was useless. He
differentiated between 'enemies of the Jewish people' (e.g., the
British) and 'Jew haters' (e.g. the Nazis), believing that the former
needed to be defeated and the latter manipulated. To this end, he
initiated contact with Nazi authorities, in order to enlist their aid
in establishing the Jewish state in Eretz Yisrael, open to Jewish
refugees from Nazism, in exchange for collaborating with Germany
against the British Empire in the Second World War.
[edit] Goals and methods
Lehi had three main goals:
* to bring together all those interested in liberation (that is,
those willing to join in active fighting against the British)
* to appear before the world as the only active Jewish military
organization
* to take over the Land of Israel by armed force[5]
The group believed in its early years that its goals would be achieved
by finding a strong international ally that would expel the British
from Palestine in return for help from the Jewish military; this would
in turn require the creation of a broad and organised military force
"demonstrating its desire for freedom through military operations."[6]
An article titled "Terror" in He Khazit (The Front, a Lehi underground
newspaper) argued as follows: "Neither Jewish morality nor Jewish
tradition can negate the use of terror as a means of battle... We are
particularly far from this sort of hesitation in regard to an enemy
whose moral perversion is admitted by all."[7] The article described
the goals of terror:
* It demonstrates ... against the true terrorist who hides
behind his piles of papers and the laws he has legislated.
* It is not directed against people, it is directed against
representatives. Therefore it is effective.
* If it also shakes the Yishuv from their complacency, good
and well.[7]
Yitzhak Shamir, one of the trio of leaders of Lehi after Yair Stern's
assassination, argued that Lehi never engaged in terrorism:
There are those who say that to kill Martin (a British sergeant)
is terrorism, but to attack an army camp is guerrilla warfare and to
bomb civilians is professional warfare. But I think it is the same
from the moral point of view. Is it better to drop an atomic bomb on a
city than to kill a handful of persons? I donโt think so. But nobody
says that President Truman was a terrorist. All the men we went for
individually โ Wilkin, Martin, MacMichael and others โ were personally
interested in succeeding in the fight against us. So it was more
efficient and more moral to go for selected targets. In any case, it
was the only way we could operate, because we were so small. For us it
was not a question of the professional honor of a soldier, it was the
question of an idea, an aim that had to be achieved.
We were aiming at a political goal. There are many examples of what
we did to be found in the Bible โ Gideon and Samson, for instance.
This had an influence on our thinking.
And we also learned from the history of other peoples
who fought for their freedom โ the Russian and Irish revolutionaries,
Garibaldi and Tito.[8]
[edit] 18 Principles of Rebirth
Avraham Stern put forth the ideology of his organization in what was
called the 18 Principles of Rebirth:[9]
1 - The nation: The Jewish people is a covenanted people, the
originator of monotheism[10], formulator of the prophetic teachings,
standard bearer of human culture, guardian of glorious patrimony. The
Jewish people is schooled in self-sacrifice and suffering; its vision,
survivability and faith in redemption are indestructible.
2 - The homeland: The homeland in the Land of Israel within
the borders delineated in the Bible ("To your descendants, I shall
give this land, from the River of Egypt to the great Euphrates River."
Genesis 15:1 This is the land of the living, where the entire nation
shall live in safety.
3 - The nation and its land: Israel conquered the land with
the sword. There it became a great nation and only there it will be
reborn. Hence Israel alone has a right to that land. This is an
absolute right. It has never expired and never will.
4 - The Goals
1 - Redemption of the land.
2 - Establishment of sovereignty.
3 - Revival of the nation.
There is no sovereignty without the redemption of the
land, and there is no national revival without sovereignty.
These are the goals of the organization during the period of
war and conquest:
5 - Education: Educate the nation to love freedom and
zealously guard Israel's eternal patrimony. Inculcate the idea that
the nation is master to its own fate. Revive the doctrine that "The
sword and the book came bound together from heaven" (Midrash Vayikra
Rabba 35:
6 - Unity: The unification of the entire nation around the
banner of the Hebrew freedom movement. The use of the genius, status
and resources of individuals and the channeling of the energy,
devotion and revolutionary fervour of the masses for the war of
liberation.
7 - Pacts: Make pacts with all those who are willing to help
the struggle of the organization and provide direct support.
8 - Force: Consolidate and increase the fighting force in the
homeland and in the Diaspora, in the underground and in the barracks,
to become the Hebrew army of liberation with its flag, arms, and
commanders.
9 - War: Constant war against those who stand in the way of
fulfilling the goals.
10 - Conquest: The conquest of the homeland from foreign rule
and its eternal possession.
These are the tasks of the movement during the period of
sovereignty and redemption:
11 - Sovereignty: Renewal of Hebrew sovereignty over the
redeemed land.
12 - Rule of justice: The establishment of a social order in
the spirit of Jewish morality and prophetic justice. Under such an
order no one will go hungry or unemployed. All will live in harmony,
mutual respect and friendship as an example to the world.
13 - Reviving the wilderness: Build the ruins and revive the
wilderness for mass immigration and population increase.
14 - Aliens: Solve the problem of alien population [i.e. the
Arab inhabitants of Palestine] by exchange of population.
15 - Ingathering of the exiles: Total in-gathering of the
exiles to their sovereign state.
16 - Power: The Hebrew nation shall become a first-rate
military, political, cultural and economical entity in the Middle East
and around the Mediterranean Sea.
17 - Revival: The revival of the Hebrew language as a spoken
language by the entire nation, the renewal of the historical and
spiritual might of Israel. The purification of the national character
in the fire of revival.
18 - The temple: The building of the Third Temple as a symbol
of the new era of total redemption.
[edit] Evolution and tactics of the organization
The group was initially unsuccessful. Early attempts to raise funds
through criminal activities, including a bank robbery in Tel Aviv in
1940 and another robbery on 9 January 1942 in which Jewish passers-by
were killed, brought about the temporary collapse of the group, and an
attempt to assassinate the head of the British secret police in Lod in
which three police personnel were killed, two Jewish and one British,
elicited a severe response from the British and Jewish establishments
who collaborated in an effort to eliminate the underground
organisation.[11]
Stern's group was seen as a terrorist organisation by the British
authorities, who instructed the Defence Security Office (the colonial
branch of MI5) to track down its leaders. In 1942, Stern, after he
was arrested, was killed by Inspector Geoffrey Morton of the CID.[12]
The arrest of several other members led momentarily to the group's
eclipse, until it was revived after the September 1942 escape of two
of its leaders Yitzhak Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi (later killed by the
group under circumstances that remain mysterious) aided by two other
escapees Natan Yellin-Mor (Friedman) and Israel Eldad (Sheib).[13]
Shamir (who would later become Prime Minister of Israel), was known by
the codename "Michael" which was a reference to one of Shamir's
heroes, Michael Collins. Lehi was guided by spiritual and
philosophical leaders such as Uri Zvi Greenberg and Israel Eldad.
The smallest by far of any of the Jewish armed groups during the
Mandatory era, it never attracted more than a few hundred followers,
and was reviled by most other Jews.
After the killing of Giladi, the organization was led by a
triumvirate of Eldad, Shamir, and Yellin-Mor.
Lehi adopted a non-socialist platform of Anti-Imperialist ideology. It
viewed the continued British rule of Palestine as a violation of the
Mandate's provision generally, and its restrictions on Jewish
immigration to be an intolerable breach of international law.
However they also targeted Jews whom they regarded as traitors, and
towards the end of the British Mandate they joined in operations with
the Haganah and Irgun against Arab targets, for example Deir Yassin.
According to a compilation by Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Lehi was
responsible or 42 assassinations altogether, more than twice as many
as those of the Irgun and Haganah combined during the same period.
Of those Lehi assassinations that Ben-Yehuda classified as political,
more than half the victims were Jews.[14]
Lehi also rejected the authority of the Jewish Agency and related
organizations, operating entirely on its own throughout nearly all of
its existence.
Lehi prisoners captured by the British generally refused to present a
defence when brought to trial. They would only read out statements in
which they declared that the court, representing an occupying force,
had no jurisdiction over them and therefore was illegal.
For the same reason, Lehi prisoners refused to plea for amnesty, even
when it was clear that this would have spared them the death penalty.
In one case Moshe Barazani, a Lehi man, and Meir Feinstein, an Irgun
member, committed suicide in prison in order to deprive the British of
the ability to hang them.
[edit] Contact with Nazi authorities
German cover letter from January 11 1941 attached to a description of
an offer for an alliance with Nazi Germany attributed to Lehi.
German cover letter from January 11 1941 attached to a description of
an offer for an alliance with Nazi Germany attributed to Lehi.
In 1940, Lehi proposed intervening in World War II on the side of Nazi
Germany. It offered assistance in "evacuating" the Jews of Europe, in
return for Germany's help in expelling Britain from Mandate Palestine.
Late in 1940, Lehi representative Naftali Lubenchik was sent to Beirut
where he met the German official Werner Otto von Hentig. Lubenchik
told von Hentig that Lehi had not yet revealed its full power and that
they were capable of organizing a whole range of anti-British
operations.
On the assumption that the destruction of Britain was the Germans' top
objective, the organization offered cooperation in the following
terms:
From the NMO side: full cooperation in sabotage, espionage and
intelligence and up to wide military operations in the Middle East and
in eastern Europe anywhere where the Irgun had Jewish cells, active
and trained and in some places with weapons. From the German side, the
following declarations and actions were demanded:
(1) Full recognition of an independent Jewish state in Palestine/
Eretz Israel
(2) That the ability to emigrate to Palestine be conceded to all
Jews, with no restriction of numbers, who, in leaving their homes in
Europe, by their own will or because of government injunctions.
For this purpose there was expressed a need to cancel any transfer
plans of Jews to distant countries like Madagascar.
On January 11, 1941 a letter was sent from Der Marvitz, the German
Naval attachรฉ in Ankara, depicting an offer to "actively take part in
the war on Germany's side" in return for German support for "the
establishment of the historic Jewish state on a national and
totalitarian basis, bound by a treaty with the German Reich".[15][16]
There are three possibilities as to how the offer reached the German
Naval attachรฉ in Ankara. One is that en route to Germany, von Hentig
was delayed in Ankara and delivered his version of the offer orally to
Der Marvitz and Marvitz wrote the letter using his words.
The second is that Colombani (a general in French intelligence)
invented the offer because of personal rivalry between himself and
other Vichy officials: this rivalry is known from a paragraph in Der
Marvitz's letter, "Colombani is of the opinion that his return to
France is a consequence of co-operation of Conti with Minister
Pierroton", or,
third, that Colombani wanted the offer to fail: he had co-operated
with the Mufti of Jerusalem in Lebanon in 1938-1939 and was also the
one who took him in his car through Syria to the Iraqi border in 1939.
In any case, Der Marvitz delivered the offer, classified as secret, to
the German Ambassador in Turkey and on January 21, 1941 it was sent to
Berlin. There was never any response. Von Hentig would later say that
he believed it was important to help the Jews establish a country.
[17] [18]
[edit] Later history
As a group that never had over a few hundred members, Lehi relied on
audacious but small-scale operations to bring their message home, as
such they adopted the tactics of groups such as the Socialist
Revolutionaries and the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist
Party in Czarist Russia,[19] and the Irish Republican Army, who had
successfully used guerrilla warfare to force the British out of the
Southern Republic of Ireland in the 1920s. To this end, Lehi conducted
small-scale operations such as assassinations of British soldiers and
police officers and Jewish "collaborators". Another strategy, (1947)
was to send bombs in the mail to many British politicians. Other
actions included sabotaging infrastructure targets: bridges,
railroads, and oil refineries. Lehi financed their operations from
private donations, extortion, and bank robbery.
Lehi was one of groups involved in massacres of Arabs according to
Israeli historian Benny Morris,
List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_committed_during_the_1948_Arab-Israeli_war
[edit] Assassination of Lord Moyne
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Edward_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne
On 6 November 1944 Lehi assassinated Lord Moyne in Cairo. Moyne was
the highest ranking British government representative in the region.
Yitzhak Shamir claimed later that Moyne was assassinated because of
his support for a Middle Eastern Arab Federation and anti-Semitic
lectures in which Arabs were held to be racially superior to Jews.[20]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Edward_Guinness,_1st_Baron_Moyne#Assassination
The assassination rocked the British government, and outraged Winston
Churchill, the British Prime Minister. The two assassins, Eliahu Bet-
Zouri and Eliahu Hakim were captured and used their trial as a
platform to make public their political philosophy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliahu_Bet-Zouri
They were executed. In 1975 their bodies were returned to Israel and
given a state funeral.[21]
In 1982, postage stamps were issued for 20 Olei
Hagardom, including Bet-Zouri and Hakim, in a souvenir sheet called
"Martyrs of the struggle for Israel's independence". [22] [23]
[edit] British police station in Haifa
January 12, 1947, Lehi members drove a truckload of explosives into a
British police station in Haifa killing four and injuring 140.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Haifa_train_bombings_1948
[edit] Cairo-Haifa train bombings
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Haifa_train_bombings_1948
Main article: Cairo-Haifa train bombings 1948
During the lead-up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli war the Cairo-Haifa train
was mined several times.
On February 29, 1948, Lehi mined the train north of Rehovot, killing
28 soldiers and wounding 35. On March 31, the train was mined near
Binyamina killing 40 civilians and wounding 60. The second attack was
also attributed to Lehi but Lehi never took credit for this event.
[edit] Deir Yassin massacre
Main article: Deir Yassin massacre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre
Deir Yassin is a village located 5 kilometres west of Jerusalem. On
9 April 1948, independently of the Nachshon operation but with the
agreement of the Haganah, about 120 members of Lehi and Irgun attacked
the village.
They massacred between 100 and 120 inhabitants of the
village, mostly civilians.[24]
This massacre led to indignation from the international community, the
more so since the press of the time reported that the death toll was
254.
Ben-Gurion roundly condemned it[25], as did the principal Jewish
authorities: Haganah, the Great Rabbinate and the Jewish Agency for
Israel, who sent a letter of condemnation, apology and condolence to
King Abdullah I.[26]
According to Morris, "the most important immediate effect of the
atrocity and the media campaign that followed it was how one started
to report the fear felt in Palestinian towns and villages, and, later,
the panicked fleeing from them."[26]
Another important repercussion was within the Arab population of
neighbouring Arab states, which, once again, increased its pressure on
the representatives of these states to intervene and come to the aid
of the Palestinians.[26][27]
[edit] Dissolution
The conflict between Lehi and mainstream Jewish and subsequently
Israeli organizations came to an end when Lehi was formally dissolved
and integrated into the Israeli Defense Forces on May 31, 1948, its
leaders getting amnesty from prosecution or reprisals as part of the
integration.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighters%27_List
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces
[edit] Assassination of Count Folke Bernadotte
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte#Assassinated_in_Jerusalem_by_Lehi
UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte was assassinated by Lehi in
Jerusalem in 1948.
Although Lehi had stopped operating nationally after May 1948, the
group continued to function in Jerusalem. On 17 September 1948, Lehi
assassinated UN mediator Count Folke Bernadotte who had been sent to
broker a settlement in the dispute. The assassination was directed by
Yehoshua Zetler and carried out by a four-man team led by Meshulam
Makover.
The fatal shots were fired by Yehoshua Cohen. Three days
later the Government banned Lehi.[28][29]
Lehi leaders Nathan Yellin-Mor and Matitiahu Schmulevitz were arrested
two months later, with Yellin-Mor being sentenced to eight years in
prison, though most of the other suspects involved were released
immediately. The group was then forcefully broken up for good.
[edit] Into politics
Some left-wing members of the Lehi founded a political party called
the Fighters' List with the jailed Yellin-Mor as its head. The party
took part in the elections in January 1949 and won one seat. Thanks to
a general amnesty for Lehi members granted on 14 February, 1949,
Yellin-Mor was released from prison to take up his place in the
Knesset. However, the party disbanded after failing to win a seat in
the 1951 elections.
[edit] Lehi remembered
The Lehi ribbon
The Lehi ribbon
In 1980 Israel instituted the Lehi ribbon, red, black, grey, pale blue
and white which is awarded to former members of the Lehi underground
who wished to carry it.
[edit] Criticism
Some writers have claimed that Lehi's true goals were the creation of
a totalitarian state.[30] Others have asserted that the organisation's
ideology placed "its world view in the quasi-fascist radical Right,
which is characterised by xenophobia, a national egotism that
completely subordinates the individual to the needs of the nation,
anti-liberalism, total denial of democracy and a highly centralised
government."[31] Its leader, Avraham Stern, lost much support after
seeking a modus vivendi with Nazi Germany.[32] Perliger and Weinberg
claim that most Lehi members were admirers of the Italian Fascist
movement.[33] However, authoritarianist principles do not appear in
the Principles of Rebirth which is the organization's Charter. The
founder of the group, "Yair" commented on the Principles saying that
"We... want to establish the Kingdom of Israel and to rebuild it on
the eternal foundations of Fraternity, Respect and Friendship to all
the nation's sons whoever they are".[34] While Avraham Stern ("Yair")
studied in Italy he refused to join the Fascist student association
called "Gruppo Universitario Fascista" that foreign students were
invited to, in spite of the fact that those joined were given serious
reductions in tuition. [35] Moreover, during the time he spent in
Russia, Stern was actually a member of the Pioneer movement which was
the young pre-Komsomol layer of the communist Party in the USSR.[36]
He also created the Histadrut of the Hebrew Tzofim Hashomer Hatzair in
Suwaลki which derived its ideology from youth organizations Hatzofim
and socialist movements like Hashomer Hatzair and Hehalutz. [37]
[edit] The Lehi Anthem "Unknown Soldiers"
The lyrics of "Unknown Soldiers" were written by Avraham 'Yair' Stern,
the founder of Lehi. This was one of the first songs written by
'Yair'. Yair composed the song together with his wife Roni. The song
became the anthem of Etzel and remained so until 1940 when Lehi broke
into a separate group. The song expresses an unlimited willingness to
sacrifice. The anthem is used by veteran members of the group in
gatherings as well as by some political groups from time to time, from
both ends of the political map.
Full text of the song : [38]
First stanza
ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ื ื, ืืื ืืืื,
ืืกืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฆืืืืืช.
ืืืื ื ืืืืกื ื ืืื ืืืืื:.
ืืฉืืจื ืืฉืืจืจ ืจืง ืืืืืช.,
Unknown Soldiers are we, without uniform
And around us fear and the shadow of death
We have all been drafted for life.
Only death will discharge us from [our] ranks,
Refrain
ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืฉื ืคืจืขืืช ืืืืื,
ืืืืืืช ืืฉืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืืืฉ.,
ืืขืจืื ืืืืคืจืื ืืช ืืืื ื ื ืจืื,.
ืืขืืื: ืืื ื ืืืืืืฉ
On red days of riots and blood
In the dark nights of despair
In towns and villages shall we raise our banner
On which are inscribed defence and conquest
Second Stanza
ืื ืืืืกื ื ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื,
ืืื ืืฉืคืื ืื ืืจ ืืช ืืื ื.,
ืจืฆืื ื ื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืื ื ืืืจืื,..
ืืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืขื ืืจืฆื ื
We were not drafted by the whip, like a mob of slaves[39]
To shed our blood in foreign lands
Our will is to be forever free
Our dream - to die for our country
Third Stanza
ืืืื ืขืืจืื ืจืืืืช ืืืฉืืืื ,
ืฉื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืขื ืืจืื ื,
ืื ืืืืืื, ืืจืืืื ืืืชื ืืกืืจืื,..
ืื ืืืืื ืืขืฆืืจ ืืขืื ื
From all directions, tens of thousands of obstacles
Cruel fate has placed on out path
But enemies, spies and prison houses
Will never be able to stop us
Fourth Stanza
ืืื ืื ืื ื ื ืืคืื ืืจืืืืืช, ืืืชืื ,
ืืงืืจืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื,
ืืืงืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืคื ืืืจืื
ืืืื ืืืฉืืืจ ืขืื ืขื
And if we fall in the streets and homes
We will be buried silently in the night
Thousands of others will fill our places
To protect and defend forever
Fifth Stanza
ืืืืขืืช ืืืืืืช ืฉืืืืืช ืืื ืื ,
ืืืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืืืืจืื ,
ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืง ืืืืคืืช ืืืื ืื
ืืช ืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ื ืงืื
With the tears of bereaved mothers
And the blood of pure babies
Like mortar shall we put together the cadaver building blocks
The edifice of the homeland shall we raise
[edit] Prominent members of Lehi
* Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli prime minister 1983-1984 and 1986-1992.
* Natan Yellin-Mor, member of the Knesset 1949-1951,[40], leftist
advocate of peace with Arabs.[41]
* Israel Eldad, Ideologue of the Israeli national camp
* Geula Cohen, member of the Knesset
* Amos Keinan, writer
[edit] Notes
1. ^ "This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its
enemies as the Stern Gang". Blumberg, Arnold. History of Israel,
Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1998. p
106., "calling themselves Lohamei Herut Yisrael (LHI) or, less
generously, the Stern Gang". Lozowick, Yaacov. Right to Exist : A
Moral Defense of Israel's Wars. Westminster, MD, USA: Doubleday
Publishing, 2003. p 78. "It ended in a split with Stern leading his
own group out of the Irgun. This was known pejoratively by the British
as "the Stern Gang' - later as Lehi" Shindler, Colin. Triumph of
Military Zionism : Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right.
London, , GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2005. p 218.
2. ^ "Stern Gang" A Dictionary of World History. Oxford University
Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press [1].
3. ^ Ralph Bunche report on assassination of UN mediator 27th Sept
1948, "notorious terrorists long known as the Stern group"
4. ^ Ami Pedahzur, The Israeli Response to Jewish terrorism and
violence. Defending Democracy, Manchester University Press, Manchester
and New York 2002 p.77
5. ^ Heller, p. 112, quoted in Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, pp.
106-107.
6. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 107.
7. ^ a b He Khazit (underground publication of Lehi), Issue 2,
August 1943. No author is stated, as was usual for this publication.
Translated from original. For a discussion of this article, see
Heller, p. 115
8. ^ Bethell Nicholas , The Palestine Triangle: The Struggle
between British, Jews, and the Arabs, 1935โ48 (1979), page 278
9. ^ Amichal, page 316, a copy on the web exists here
10. ^ It is worth noting that this assertion would widely be
considered erroneous, Zoroastrianism was actually the first
monotheistic religion.
11. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 109.
12. ^ Boyer Bell, 1996, p. 71.
13. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 109.
14. ^ N. Ben-Yehuda, Political Assassinations by Jews (State
University of New York, 1993), p397.
15. ^ Heller, 1995, p. 86.
16. ^ David Yisraeli, The Palestine Problem in German Politics,
1889-1945, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, 1974. Also see Otto
von Hentig, Mein Leiben (Goettingen, 1962) pp 338-339
17. ^ A Meeting in Beirut, Habib Canaan, Haaretz (musaf), 27 March
1970
18. ^ Full details depicted in Ada Amichal Yevin, "In Purple", The
Life of Yair - Abraham Stern", Hadar Publishing House Tel Aviv, 1986,
pp. 225-230
19. ^ Iviansky 1986, 72-73.
20. ^ Yitzhak Shamir, 'Why the Lehi Assassinated Lord Moyne',
Nation, 32/119 (1995) pp. 333-7 (Hebrew) cited in Perliger and
Weinberg, 2003, p. 111.
21. ^ Israel honours British minister's assassins, The TImes, June
26, 1975, p1.
22. ^ The Israel Philatelic Federation
23. ^ http://www.israelphilately.org.il/catalog/series.asp?id=416
(detailed)
24. ^ Yoav Gelber, Palestine 1948, Appendix II
25. ^ Yoav Gelber (2006), Palestine 1948, p.317.
26. ^ a b c Benny Morris (2003), The Birth of the Palestinian
Refugee Problem Revisited, p.239.
27. ^ Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins (1971), "O Jรฉrusalem", p.
528.
28. ^ Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel, ed. Raphael Patai, Herzl
Press, McGraw Hill, New York, 1971 Vol. 2, p.733-734
29. ^ Ami Pedahzur, โThe Israeli Response to Jewish terrorism and
violence. Defending Democracyโ, Manchester University Press,
Manchester and New York 2002 p.77
30. ^ Heller, 1995, p. 70.
31. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 108.
32. ^ "Stern Gang" The Oxford Companion to World War II. Ed. I. C.
B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot. Oxford University Press, 2001.
33. ^ Perliger and Weinberg, 2003, p. 107.
34. ^ Lochamei Herut Yisrael (Lehi), writings, chapter 1, pages
70-71
35. ^ Amichal, 77
36. ^ Amichal, 14
37. ^ Amichal, page 16
38. ^ Lyrics and data about the song on the Betar site (Hebrew)
39. ^ A reference to "a mob of slaves" or "a horde of
slaves" ("horde d'esclaves") appears in the second stanza of the
Marseillaise - with which Stern was likely to have been familiar - as
a scornful description for the armies opposed to the French
Revolution. Both anthems make the same opposition between the
oppressors' army which is composed of "slaves" - i.e. of soldiers who
were drafted or impressed against their will - and the freedom-
seekers, who volunteered to fight and give their all to the cause they
support.
40. ^ Time, November 25, 1974, "When Terrorists Become Respectable"
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,943073-2,00.html
=================================================http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/1286/8612004.html
41. ^ Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, December 1986,
"Portrait of a Mideast Terrorist"
================================================
[edit] References
* (Hebrew) Amichal Yevin, Ada (1986). In purple: the life of Yair-
Abraham Stern. Tel Aviv: Hadar Publishing House.
* Bell, J. Bowyer (1977). Terror Out of Zion: Irgun Zvai Leumi,
Lehi, and the Palestine Underground, 1929-1949. Avon. ISBN
0-380-39396-4
* Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1998). Political Violence. Political
Assassinations as a Quest for Justice. In Robert R. Friedmann (Ed.).
Crime and Criminal Justice in Israel: Assessing The Knowledge base
Toward The Twenty-first Century (pp. 139-184). SUNY Press. ISBN
0-7914-3713-2.
* Heller, J. (1995). The Stern Gang. Frank Cass. ISBN
0-7146-4558-3
* Iviansky, Z. (1986) "Lechi's Share in the Struggle for Israel's
Liberation", in: Ely Tavin and Yonah Alexander (Ed.).Terrorists or
freedom fighters, Fairfax, Va.: HERO Books.
* Lustick, Ian S. (1994). "Terrorism in the Arab-Israeli Conflict:
Targets and Audiences." In Crenshaw, Martha (ed). Terrorism in Context
(pp. 514-552). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University
Press. ISBN 0-271-01015-0
* Marton, K. (1994). A death in Jerusalem. Pantheon. ISBN
0-679-42083-5 โ Bernadotte assassination
* (Hebrew) Shamir, Moshe, Yair Biography, 2001, Zmora-Bitan
* Munson, Henry (2005). Religion and violence. Religion, 35:
223-246.
* Perliger, Arie and Weinberg, Leonard (2003). Jewish Self-Defence
and Terrorist Groups Prior to the Establishment of the State of
Israel: Roots and Traditions. Totalitarian Movements and Political
Religions, Volume 4, Number 3, pp. 91-118.
[edit] See also
* Avraham Stern, leader
* Maxim Ghilan, member
* Shimon Tzabar, member
* Baruch Korff, member
* Geula Cohen, member
* Roy Farran, letter bomb incident
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Farran
* Irgun
* Israel
* Israel Eldad, leader
* Magshimey Herut
* Revolutionary Zionism
* Yitzhak Shamir, leader
* List of massacres committed during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_committed_during_the_1948_Arab-Israeli_war
* Cairo-Haifa train bombings 1948
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo-Haifa_train_bombings_1948
* Deir Yassin massacre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Lehi (group)
* Lehi's website (Hebrew): http://www.lehi.org.il/
* Lehi writings in English: http://www.saveisrael.com/
* British wanted poster from 1940s
http://www.palestineremembered.com//images/Terrorist-Wanted.jpg |
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